Although a precise estimate of the global sepsis cases is difficult to ascertain, some scientific publications report that it affects more than 30 million people worldwide every year, potentially leading to six million deaths. (Source: World Health Organization)  

What is sepsis?

Sepsis is a rare but potentially life- threatening condition. It is caused by the body's overreaction to an infection, and affects the organs and tissues, which can lead to death.

What are the risk factors?

We still don't know why some people who get an infection develop sepsis, and others don't. People are more likely to develop sepsis after a viral illness like a cold or a minor injury. But it can  affect anyone, regardless of age or state of health. However, some people are more likely to get severe sepsis, including those who:

• are very young or very old
• are diabetic
• are on long-term steroids or on drugs to treat cancer or other conditions
• have had an organ transplant and are on anti-rejection drugs
• are malnourished (your body hasn't had enough food)
• have serious liver disease
•  have a serious illness that affects your immune system (the way your body protects itself from infection), such as leukaemia
• have an infection or a complication after an operation
• are pregnant or have just given birth

How do we get sepsis?

Sepsis can result from an infection anywhere in the body such as:

• a chest infection causing pneumonia
• a urine infection in the bladder
•  a problem in the abdomen, such as a burst ulcer or a hole in the bowel
• an infected cut or bite
• a wound from trauma or surgery
• a leg ulcer or cellulitis

Worldwide, one-third of people who develop sepsis die. Many who survive are left with life-changing effects, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic pain and fatigue organ dysfunction (organs don't work properly) and/or amputations.

Case study

A 45-year-old male has reported flu-like symptoms; he has self-medicated with two 500mg paracetamol tablets and gone to bed to sleep it off. 24 hours later, he is a little disorientated and realises that he hasn't passed urine for several hours.  

Is this sepsis?

Unless you are a medical professional, used to spotting the signs of sepsis, you could be forgiven for thinking that this crew member just had the flu. Let's take a look at some simple signs that you can look for to see if this is a potential case of sepsis.  

You cannot say for sure that this person has sepsis, but the symptoms certainly match some of those in the S E P S I S checker above. Therefore, it is advised to request urgent medical assistance and begin the treatment for sepsis.

How do I treat sepsis?

Guidelines have been developed to help us treat sepsis as effectively as possible. On board, we don't have access to all the recommendations, but listed below are some of the treatments that we may be able to start:

• Check their oxygen levels using a pulse oximeter, and give them enough oxygen to keep their oxygen saturation above 92%  
• Give antibiotics in accordance with a doctor's advice
• Give fluids - intravenously, if possible
• Measure how much urine they pass
• Urgent medical evacuation

Prevention methods

There are two main steps to preventing sepsis:

• Prevention of microbial transmission and infection
• Prevention of the evolution of an infection to sepsis conditions

Prevention of infection involves using effective hygiene practices, such as hand washing and safe preparation of   food, improving sanitation and the quality and availability of water, providing access to vaccines, particularly for those at high risk, as well as appropriate nutrition.

Prevention of the evolution to sepsis requires the appropriate antibiotic treatment of infection, including reassessment, prompt seeking of medical care, and the early detection of sepsis signs and symptoms.  

This advice was compiled in collaboration with Red Square Medical, who offer a full range of maritime medical services, from training and consultancy services, right through to mass casualty incident planning and training

www.redsquaremedical.com