Rafaela S - changes to Rule 2, Section 17 (

Several Members have contacted the Managers in connection with the use of waybills and the recently agreed change to the Rules regarding delivery of cargoes carried under straight bills of lading, a change which reflects equivalent changes to the Pooling Agreement, occasioned by the case of the RAFAELA S.

This note describes the main features of that case and explains why, despite the wording of the new Rule (which takes effect from 20 February 2009) the Rule is unlikely to have much relevance to the normal use of waybills.

The RAFAELA S case involved a cargo which was carried on board two chartered ships; from Durban

to Felixstowe on board the ROSEMARY, and from Felixstowe to Boston USA on the RAFAELA S.

The voyage took place in 1989/1990, but the case only reached the highest court in England, the

House of Lords, in 2005.

The cargo suffered major damage on the second leg of the voyage. The carriers sought to apply US

COGSA Package Limitation ($500 per package) to the claim, and cargo claimants tried to avoid this by

arguing that English law and Hague-Visby Rules applied to the carriage. To succeed with this, the

claimants had to show that the document under which the goods were carried was a bill of lading

or similar document, and this was the main argument before the court.

The RAFAELA S did not involve a waybill, but a "straight bill of lading". The contract was on the

standard bill of lading form, but the boxes on the face of this particular bill were filled in so that

there was only one possible receiver i.e. the goods were consigned to "J I McWilliam Company Inc"

without any terms such as "or order" or anything else which would allow the cargo to be sold

against endorsement or transfer of the bill.

While such bills are not common, English law has traditionally called these bills, which do not have

the possibility of being endorsed or transferred to somebody else, "straight bills of lading" or "nonnegotiable"

bills of lading, as opposed to the normal form of bill of lading which can be negotiated or

transferred between merchants while the ship is at sea.

The document was on a form normally used as a bill of lading, was described throughout its clauses

as a "Bill of Lading", and had a clause which stated "One of the Bills of Lading must be surrendered

duly endorsed in exchange for the goods or delivery order".

Although the carrier argued that a "straight B/L" was not really a B/L, the Law Lords appeared to take

this clause into account in arriving at the conclusion that the document was indeed a B/L. The Law

Lords also decided that this document required presentation at the place of delivery.

This caused some concern for Owners, and P&I Clubs, as it was previously assumed that a "straight

B/L" meant that ownership of cargo could not be transferred while the cargo was onboard ship, and

the shipowner could safely deliver to the named receiver without the need to see a B/L at the place

of delivery.

In the light of that concern, it was agreed by the Clubs that the Pooling Agreement should be

amended to address the risk of delivery of cargo without presentation of a straight bill of lading.

This case turned on a "straight bill of lading", and not a waybill. The Law Lords did not give much

guidance on the subject of waybills, although Steyn LJ did quote approvingly from one legal

textbook definition that;

Notwithstanding this, the amendment made to the Pooling Agreement was one that provided for

restrictions on cover not only in the case of delivery of cargo without production of a straight B/L,

but also in the case of delivery without production of a waybill or other similar document evidencing

the contract of carriage, if it had express terms requiring its production at the discharge port, or

if the law of the contract required this.

As applied to a waybill, cover would therefore be prejudiced only in the case of a

However most waybills clearly say that cargo will be delivered without any documentation at the port

of delivery, and, unless there is some peculiarity in the governing law of the particular waybill, such

waybills will therefore never be caught under the Club's Rule change.

In short, although the International Group has been cautious in redrafting the Pooling Agreement

and although that caution is reflected in the Rule change, cover for liabilities arising from the

normal use of waybills should be unaffected.